Grammar is a recognition of what already is true of the way a language works, not what builds the language itself. In other words, though we look at Paul’s writing in the original Greek and discuss issues such as noun declensions, it is probable that as Paul wrote:
Παῦλος ἀπόστολος Χριστοῦ Ἰησοῦ διὰ θελήματος θεοῦ
he probably was not thinking along the lines of “Ok, my name is in the nominative case, so to make the word ‘apostle’ appositional it must also be in the nominative case. Also, to show that I’m an apostle of Jesus, I need to write his name in the gentive case. Of course, because I want my readers to know that I am an apostle, not by my own declaration, but because God ordained it, I should use a preposition that shows some sort of means followed by another genitive that shows possession.”
Well, maybe he did, but I highly doubt it. He wrote it as we would have written it in English- without much thought to the categories. Paul, an apostle of Christ Jesus, by the will of God. Here’s the thought experiment (which is totally speculative, so have fun with it).
Imagine the world in 2000 years. American English had become the dominant language for global business and trade. America itself had become a dominant world power, and subsequently fallen- possibly to a band of barbarians roughly around the lifetime of a great theologian from Africa, who subsequently wrote a book on how the Kingdom of God and the Kingdom of the world would continue to exist together. Just for the sake of argument of course. English, as a language, continued to exist, but in a more modern form that was different from the street language of the day. During an excavation, a group of archeologists unearth many manuscripts that included Laws, Biographies, 21st Century history, personal letters, books of song lyrics, and, just for fun, the apocalyptic writings of John Haggee. The manuscripts are written in ancient English. For the sake of being a thought experiment, all english grammars were burned in the great fire that was set to the Library of New York, which happened to be the biggest library at the time.
What systems of grammar do you think linguistic professionals will come up with in order to explain English Grammar? Obviously, the names of things like “nominative,” “genitive,” and “participle” aren’t as important as what those labels convey about the syntax in this experiment, so give labels if you want, but make sure to be descriptive. So have at it. Give me a brief beginner’s ancient English grammar, or a thicker intermediate/advanced Grammar. In other words, tell me why I write the way I do, as seen 2000 years into the future.
Difficulty: try and divorce what you know as English grammatical categories, and pretend that you are in fact looking back at an ancient, dead language when you consider English.
Bonus fact of the day: The easiest job in the world is to be a linguist who believes in deconstructionism.
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My favorite ESL insight into English grammar recently was this advice:
“If you aren’t sure which verb to use, try using get.”
Haha. That’s awesome. And quite true.
Before they could look at the grammar, there would be huge debates about English’s phonology, which would include a great argument about vowel reduction, the existence of certain phonemes, particularly the velar nasal and whether its a real phoneme or an allophone of the alveolar nasal.
Once all of that was worked out they’d work on word order. And after developing phrase structure rules for constituent order at the phrase level and clause level. They probably spend some time working out the syntactic/semantic interface of the language.
They try to figure out which verbs require which arguments and what semantic roles those arguments fill along with their subcategorization (i.e. grammatical relations).
From there they’d move to special sentence types, imperatives, interogatives, subjunctives and the like seeking to explain how various constructions express specific meanings.
They’d also look for valency changing derivations in English morphology that would develop new verbs with new argument structures.
From there they would then have a huge debate about whether English has a future tense or not. The majority would probably argue that it does not and show that English verbs are only marked for past and non-past tense and that future meanings are expressed not through verb morphology but rather through the use of auxilleries followed by a verb marked by the non-past tense.
From there they would have another big debate about whether English undergoes syntactic transformations or whether certain constructions and encoded within the native speaker’s internal lexicon. The latter would probably win out in the end on the basis of issues like passive participial adjectives which would require a second transformational rule that unnecessarily complicates the grammar.
Note: This is a lot easier when you’ve already been taught to analyze never before analyzed languages.
Bryan, I hope my response wasn’t too much for you…there’s a lot of very esoteric vocabulary in there…
But I did have fun writing it!
Mike,
Not at all. I actually enjoyed reading your post very much. The only complaint that I have is that you were cheating since you already knew what to do.
Just kidding
That was exactly the kind of stuff I was looking for!
Bryan, that’s good then. I’m glad you enjoyed it.
These are all the things I’ve been doing in Russian for the past five weeks. I’ll be putting together all of my data and writing a sketch of Russian grammar this coming weekend.
Bryan, great post!
A couple years ago, I went through Linguistics and New Testament Interpretation: Essays in Discourse Analysis. It’s an eye open! I’ve never been able to read my Greek New Testament the same since.
hmm I find it hard to imagine what the grammars would look like – but I can imagine that there’d be a number of well-meaning speakers doing the circuit who would know a smattering of ancient English words, and would throw impressive-sounding lines into their talks such as “You see the word here in the original English is ‘king’, no doubt an allusion to that ancient god of food, the much-venerated ‘Burger King’….”
Matthew, I fear you might be right…
Have you read, Silva’s God Language and Scripture?
He begins with a very similar line.
Ooh no I haven’t seen that – but if it sounds like me, it MUST be worth looking into